In contrast to other Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia which are maritime, agrarian Mataram kingdom. Kingdom of the thousands of cities in the interior of Java is much influenced Hindu Javanese culture both on the environment and on the royal family group commoners. This royal government is characterized by the struggle for the throne and family disputes among members that often interfered with by the Netherlands. Political wisdom predecessor often not passed on by his successors. Nevertheless, the kingdom of Mataram is the developer of Java-based culture in the palace of Mataram. The culture is a mix between old Indonesian culture, Hindu-Buddhism, and Islam.
Many versions of the early days of the founding of the kingdom of Mataram based on myths and legends. In general, these versions of associating it with the previous kingdoms, such as Demak and Pajang. According to one version, after Demak setback, the capital moved to Pajang and start Pajang as the royal government. The kingdom continues to hold expansion into East Java and also in conflict with the Arya Penangsang family of the Duchy Jipang Panolan. After successfully conquering Aryo Penangsang, Sultan Hadiwijaya (1550-1582), king Pajang giving gifts to two people who are considered instrumental in the conquest, ie Pemanahan and Ki Ki Ageng Penjawi. Ki Ageng Pemanahan acquire land in the Forest Mentaok and Ki Penjawi acquire land in Pati.
Pemanahan successfully build Mentaok forest became a prosperous village, even in the long run be a small empire that is ready to compete with Pajang as his boss. After Pemanahan died in 1575 he replaced his son, Danang Sutawijaya, which is also often called the Prince Ngabehi Loring Market. Sutawijaya then successfully revolted in Pajang.After Sultan Hadiwijaya died (1582) Sutawijaya lift himself king of Mataram with Senapati Panembahan title. Pajang then made one region of the capital Mataram daari in the town. Senapati reigned until his death in 1601.
During his reign may be said to be constantly at war subdue the governors of the region.Demak Sultanate surrender, Panaraga, Pasuruan, Kediri, Surabaya, successively captured.Cirebon was under its influence. Panembahan Senapati in the Chronicle hailed as builders Mataram.
Senapati succeeded by his son, Mas Jolang, who reigned in 1601-1613. Maas Jolang better known as Seda Panembahan Krapyak. During his reign, built Danalaya park in the west of the palace. Seda Panembahan Krapyak only ruled for 12 years He died while hunting in the forest Krapyak.
Furthermore enthroned Mas Rangsang, the title of Sultan Agung Hanyakrakusuma. Under his reign (1613-1645 year) Mataram experienced its heyday. Kotagede royal capital was transferred to the Palace Plered. Sultan Agung is the king who realize the importance of unity in all the land of Java. Coastal areas such as Surabaya and Madura conquered so as not to endanger the future position of Mataram. He is the first local authorities that massive and regular wages war with the Netherlands that comes through trade partnership VOC (Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie). Mataram power at that time covering almost all of Java, from Pasuruan to Cirebon. Meanwhile VOC has mastered some areas such as in Batavia and in Eastern Indonesia.
In addition to the political and military fields, Sultan Agung also devote attention to the economic and cultural fields. His efforts include moving the population of Central Java to Openwork, West Java, where there are extensive rice paddies and fields and fertile. Sultan Agung also tried to adapt elements of Indonesian culture with Hindu and Islamic original.For example Garebeg adapted to Eid and the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad. Since it is known Garebeg Fasting and Garebeg Mulud. Making the Saka year and the book is a work of philosophy Literature Gendhing Sultan Agung others.
Sultan Agung died in 1645 leaving behind Mataram in a state that is strong, safe, and prosperous. He was replaced by his son who holds Amangkurat I. Amangkurat I did not inherit his father's properties. 1645-1676 year reign lasted colored sets include many murder / cruelty. During his reign the capital was moved to Kerta Mataram kingdom.
War broke out in 1674 Trunajaya supported the clergy and nobles, even including the crown prince himself. Kerta the capital fell and Amangkurat I (along with the crown prince who eventually turned to side with his father) fled to seek help VOC. But up in Tegalarum, (near Tegal, Central Java) Amangkurat I fell ill and eventually died.
He was replaced by the crown prince who holds Amangkurat II or also known as Sunan Amral. Sunan Amangkurat II reigned in 1677-1703. It was subservient to the VOC to defend his throne. In the end Trunajaya was killed by Amangkurat II with the help of VOC, and VOC as compensation requires agreement contains: Mataram had to pawn the port of Semarang and Mataram have to replace losses due to the war.
Therefore, Kraton Kerta been damaged, he moved kratonnya to Kartasura (1681). Kraton is protected by army fort VOC. In this period Amangkurat II successfully completed the issue of Prince Puger (sister Amangkurat II who later crowned Pakubuwana I by his followers). However, because of the demands of VOC him to pay a compensation fee in the war Trunajaya, Mataram then experiencing financial difficulties. In trouble, he tried to reject the VOC by supporting Soerapatti is an enemy and fugitive VOC.
Amangkurat II relationship with VOC become tense and increasingly peaked after Amangkurat II died (in 1703) and was succeeded by his son, Sunan Mas (Amangkurat III).He also opposed the VOC. The VOC know hostility shown the new king, the VOC did not agree with the coronation. The VOC then recognizes Prince Puger as the king of Mataram with a degree Pakubuwana I. This led to a civil war or known as Crown Seizing War I (1704-1708). Amangkurat III finally gave up and he was banished to Ceylon by the VOC.However Pakubuwana I have to pay for the war by surrendering Priangan, Cirebon, and Madura eastern part of the VOC.
Pakubuwana I died in 1719 and was replaced by Amangkurat IV (1719-1727), otherwise known as Sunan King, in his reign filled with nobles revolt against it, and as always VOCs contribute to this conflict, so as enlarged conflict and war there Scramble crown II (1719-1723). VOC favor of Sunan King so that the rebels conquered and disposed of VOC to Sri Lanka and South Africa.
Sunan King died in 1727 and was replaced by Pakubuwana II (1727-1749). During his reign there was a rebellion against the VOC China. Pakubuwana II sided with China and helped destroy VOC fort in Kartasura. VOC which received assistance from Madura Panembahan Cakraningrat rebels had conquered China. This makes Pakubuwana II feel fear and changed pro VOC. This led to an uprising by Raden Mas Garendi the joint Chinese rebels stormed the palace, until Pakubuwana II fled to Panaraga. With the help of VOC palace can be retaken (1743) but the palace has been shattered, forcing him to move to the Surakarta palace (1744).
Sweet relationship Pakubuwana II with VOC cause resentment of the nobility. Led Raden Mas Said there was a rebellion against the king. Pakubuwana II commissioned his brother, Prince Mangkubumi, to get rid of the rebels with promises to give a gift of land in Sragen (Sragen now). Mangkubumi businesses succeed. But Pakubuwana II broke his promise, so Mangkubumi terms with Raden Mas Said and rebellion together. Begin occur Crown Seizing War III (1747-1755).
Pakubuwana II and VOC could not face two nobles who supported these people, even eventually Pakubuwana II fell ill and died (1749). However, according to the recognition Hogendorf, Vice VOC Semarang when agony Pakubuwana II gave way to the VOC. Since then the VOC was sovereign over Mataram. At the initiative of the VOC, the crown prince crowned Pakubuwana III (1749).
Appointment Pakubuwana III did not dampen the insurgency, even Mangkubumi-controlled territory has reached Yogya, Bagelen, and Pekalongan. But just when it happens divisions anatara Mangkubumi and Raden Mas Said. This causes the VOC had the upper hand. VOC and sent an Arab from Batavia (VOC waged envoys from the Holy Land) to invite Mangkubumi peace.
The invitation was accepted Mangkubumi and there was what is commonly referred to as Palihan Nagari or Giyanti Agreement (1755). The contents of the agreement are: Mataram was divided into two. The western part is distributed to Mangkubumi authorized to wear the title Hamengku Buwana I and founded the palace in Yogyakarta. While the eastern part was given to Pakubuwana III.
From now on that Mataram was divided into two, namely the Sultanate of Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengku king Buwana I and Surakarta with the king of Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwana III.
